Oseania

Oseania (basa Inggris: Oceania) adalah istilah nang mangacu kasabuah wilayah geografis atawa geopolitis nang tadiri matan babarapa kapulauan nang baandak di Samudra Pasifik wan sakitarnya. Oseania nintu adalah wilayah di Bumi (rancak dianggap banua) nang luas wilayah daratan paling halus wan jumlah populasi paling halus kadua imbah Antartika.

Dalam artian himpit (nang didasari pada panjalajah asal Perancis bangaran Jules Dumont d'Urville tahun 1831, Oseania tadiri matan Polinesia (tamasuk Selandia Hanyar, Melanesia (tamasuk mulai Maluku sampai Nugini) wan Mikronesia. Amun dalam artian luas Oseania jua maliputi Australia wan Indunisia bagian timur; tapi takana Japang wan Kapulauan Aleut jua dianggap masuk di kalumpuk Oseania.

Sabagian ganal wilayah Oseania tadiri matan nagara-nagara pulau nang halus. Australia adalah saiikungannya nagara kontinental, amun Papua Nugini wan Timor Leste adalah nagara nang baisi parbatasan tanah, dimana kaduanya babatasan langsung lawan Indunisia.

Nagara-nagara Oseania mardika sasuai katantuan nang balain-lain di nagara panjajahnya, lawan mandapat aturan konstitusional nang bamacam-macam sasuai kaadaannya. Australia misalnya, adalah nagara nang tagabung dalam Pasamakmuran, nang maakui Ratu Elizabeth II matan Britania Raya sabagai Ratu, amun Polinesia Perancis adalah sabuah pays d'outre-mer ("nagara luar nagari") Perancis.

Manurut ekologi, Oseania adalah saikung matan dalapan zona ekologi terestrial dunia. Zona ekologi Oseania nang maliputi Mikronesia, Fiji wan Polinesia kacuali Selandia Hanyar, Papua Nugini, Kaledonia Hanyar, Kapulauan Solomon wan [[Vanuatu] nang tagolong zona ekologi Australasia.

Etimologi babak

Istilah naya diulah ulih saurang suhu geografi bangaran Conrad Malte-Brun, inya mangaraninya lawan ngaran Océanie tahun 1812. Ngaran Océanie diambil matan kata Bahasa Yunani ὠκεανός (ōkeanós), ocean.

Kapadatan panduduk babak

Peta Migrasi Panduduk Oseania

Sajarah kahidupan Oseania sampai wahini masih balum saluruhnya bisa dikisahakan. Panalitian panambayan manunjukakan bahwa panduduk Mikronesia wan Polinesia sacara kabahasaan wan genetis baisi kasamaan lawan panduduk asli Asia Tanggara, tautama nang tinggal di wilayah kapulauan. Sacara kabahasaan buhannya jua sabagai bagian panutur rumpun bahasa Austronesia. Lamun kapandudukan Melanesia wan Asutralia talangkap, lamun sacara panampilan atawa genetis wan linguistik tagulung balain matan urang Mikronesia wan Polinesia.^[1]

Kajian linguistik manunjukakan sabuah aruh migrasi nang dipinandui sabagai teori "Karita Capat mauju Polinesia" (Express Train to Polynesia) atawa Out of Taiwan nang diusulakan ulih Robert Blust wan Peter Belwood.^[2] Di sisi lain, kajian genetika manunjukakan dukuran atas teori lawas barupa panyabaran matan Asia Tanggaran Daratan, imbah nintu manyabar matan wilayah Sumatra atawa Samanajung Malaya (dipinandui sabagai teori "Sundaland") nang diajuakan Oppenheimer. Teori naya jua didukung ulih kajian genetika babi wan ayam, dua binatang naya dianggap dibawa ulih buhan imigran marga ditamuakan di babarapa wilayah di Oseania^[3]^[4]

Ngaran rigional wan taritural lawan bandira	Luas (km²)	Populasi (perkiraan 1 Juli 2008)	Kapadatan Panduduk (per km²)	Ibu kota	ISO 3166-1
Australasia:^[5]
Australia	7,686,850	22,028,000	2.7	Canberra	AU
Selandia Baru^[6]	268,680	4,108,037	14.5	Wellington	NZ
Teritori Eksternal Australia
Citakan:Noflag	199
Citakan:Country data Pulau Natal^[7]	135	1,493	3.5	Flying Fish Cove	CX
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)^[7]	14	632	45.1	West Island	CC
Citakan:Noflag	3
Citakan:Noflag	372
Citakan:Country data Pulau Norfolk	35	1,866	53.3	Kingston	NF
Melanesia:^[8]
Fiji	18,270	856,346	46.9	Suva	FJ
Citakan:Country data Kaledonia Baru (Perancis)	19,060	240,390	12.6	Nouméa	NC
Papua Nugini^[9]	462,840	5,172,033	11.2	Port Moresby	PG
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Solomon	28,450	494,786	17.4	Honiara	SB
Vanuatu	12,200	240,000	19.7	Port Vila	VU
Mikronesia:
Citakan:Country data Federasi Mikronesia	702	135,869	193.5	Palikir	FM
Citakan:Country data Guam (AS)	549	160,796	292.9	Hagåtña	GU
Kiribati	811	96,335	118.8	South Tarawa	KI
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Marshall	181	73,630	406.8	Majuro	MH
Nauru	21	12,329	587.1	Yaren (de facto)	NR
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Mariana Utara (AS)	477	77,311	162.1	Saipan	MP
Palau	458	19,409	42.4	Melekeok^[10]	PW
Citakan:Country data Pulau Wake Pulau Wake (AS)	2	12		Wake Island	UM
Polynesia:
Citakan:Country data Samoa Amerika (AS)	199	68,688	345.2	Pago Pago, Fagatogo^[11]	AS
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Cook (Selandia Baru)	240	20,811	86.7	Avarua	CK
Citakan:Country data Pulau Paskah (Chili)	163.6	3,791	23.1	Hanga Roa	CL
Citakan:Country data Polinesia Perancis (Perancis)	3,961	257,847	61.9	Papeete	PF
Citakan:Country data Hawaii (AS)	28,311	1,283,388	72.8	Honolulu	US
Citakan:Country data Niue (Selandia Baru)	260	2,134	8.2	Alofi	NU
Citakan:Country data Kepulauan Pitcairn (Britania Raya)	5	47	10	Adamstown	PN
Samoa	2,944	179,000	63.2	Apia	WS
Citakan:Country data Tokelau (Selandia Baru)	10	1,431	143.1	Nukunonu	TK
Tonga	748	106,137	141.9	[[Nukuʻalofa\|NukuCitakan:Okinaalofa]]	TO
Tuvalu	26	11,146	428.7	Funafuti	TV
Citakan:Country data Wallis dan Futuna (Perancis)	274	15,585	56.9	Mata-Utu	WF
Total	8,536,716	35,669,267	4.2
Total tanpa daratan Australia	849,866	13,641,267	16.1

Referensi babak

^ Genome scan shows Polynesians have little genetic relationship to Melanesians. ScienceDaily 23 Januari 2008.
^ Gray, R. D. (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323: 479 – 483. doi:10.1126/science.1166858.
^ Chicken and Chips theory of Pacific Migration. ScienceDaily 30 Juli 2008.
^ Pig Study forces Rethink of Pacific Colonisation. ScienceDaily 13 Maret 2007.
^ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia wan Selandia Hanyar."
^ Selandia Baru is often considered part of Polynesia rather than Australasia.
^ ^a ^b Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indunisia.
^ Excludes parts of Indunisia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
^ Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia and Melanesia. It is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia.
^ On 7 October 2006, government officials moved their offices in the former capital of Koror to Melekeok, located 20 km northeast of Koror on Babelthuap Island.
^ Fagatogo is the seat of government of American Samoa.

Itihi jua babak

Daptar superbanua

Pranala luar babak

Wikimedia Commons baisi tumbung pasal Oseania

(Bahasa Inggris) Jane's Oceania

[1] Genome scan shows Polynesians have little genetic relationship to Melanesians. ScienceDaily 23 Januari 2008.

[science1-2] Gray, R. D. (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323: 479 – 483. doi:10.1126/science.1166858.

[3] Chicken and Chips theory of Pacific Migration. ScienceDaily 30 Juli 2008.

[4] Pig Study forces Rethink of Pacific Colonisation. ScienceDaily 13 Maret 2007.

[Australasia-5] The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia wan Selandia Hanyar."

[nzpol-6] Selandia Baru is often considered part of Polynesia rather than Australasia.

[ccau-7] Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indunisia.

[Melanesia-8] Excludes parts of Indunisia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.

[pngaus-9] Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia and Melanesia. It is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago of Southeast Asia.

[Palau-10] On 7 October 2006, government officials moved their offices in the former capital of Koror to Melekeok, located 20 km northeast of Koror on Babelthuap Island.

[ASamoa-11] Fagatogo is the seat of government of American Samoa.

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