Magma
Magma (baasal matan kata Yunani Bahari μάγμα (mágma) nang baarti "salap kandal"[1]) adalah bahan alami cair atawa semi-cair nang matan sana samunyaan batuan baku tabantuk.[2] Magma kawa ditamui dibawah parmukaan planét bumi, wan bukti matan magmatisme kawa jua ditamui di planet kabumian wan sapalihan satélit alami.[3] Lain pada batuan cair, magma kadang mangandung kristal tasuspénsi wan galombongan gas.[4]
Magma di diulah matan mantel nang mancair atawa karak di bamacam andak tektonik, nang di bumi tamasuk zona subduksi, zona celah banua,[5] balukuk tangah laut wan titik panas. Mantel wan karak nang lunyut bamigrasi ka atas lewat karak dimana buhannya tadi dianggap tasimpan di kantong magma[6] atawa zona karak paralihan nang sugih matan kristal nang bacampur magma.[7] Hafatan panyimpanan magma di kantong magma di karak, campuran magma tadi bisa tamodifikasi lawan kristalisasi pacahan, takontaminasi lawan lunuhan kristal, pancampuran magma, wan degasifikasi. Imbah magma tadi naik lewat karak bumi, magma kawa masuk kadalam gunung barapi gasan diékstrusi sabagai lava, atawa mangaras di bawah tanah gasan mambantuk intrusi,[8] nang kaya dike barapi atawa sill.
Badasarakan sajarah, sudi masalah magma maandalakan observasi matan magma dalam bantuk aliran lava, magma sudah parnah ditamui atawa dipalajari dalam ilmu bumi wan atmosfer sabanyak tiga kali haratan proyek pamboran geotermal; dua kali di Islandia (itihi Pamakaian gasan mamproduksi énérgi), wan sakali di Hawaii.[9][10]
Properti fisik wan kimia
babakMagma tardiri matan cairan nang biasanya marupakan kristal kandal tasuspensi.[11] Pas magma baparak ka parmukaam, wan takanan mambarati cungul, gas nang ada dalam magma mulai bapisah matan cairan magma lalu jadi gelombong-gelombong, sahingga magma nang ada di parak parmukaan isinya material kandal, cair, wan dalam fase gas.[12]
Catatan Batis
babak- ^ "Definition of Magma". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Diakses tanggal 28 October 2018.
- ^ BOWEN, NORMAN L. (1947). "MAGMAS". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 58 (4): 263. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[263:M]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
- ^ Greeley, Ronald; Schneid, Byron D. (1991-11-15). "Magma Generation on Mars: Amounts, Rates, and Comparisons with Earth, Moon, and Venus". Science. 254 (5034): 996–998. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..996G. doi:10.1126/science.254.5034.996. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17731523.
- ^ Spera, Frank J. (2000), "Physical Properties of Magma", dalam Sigurdsson, Haraldur (editor-in-chief), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press, hlm. 171–190, ISBN 978-0126431407
- ^ Foulger, G.R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy. Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0.
- ^ Detrick, R. S.; Buhl, P.; Vera, E.; Mutter, J.; Orcutt, J.; Madsen, J.; Brocher, T. (1987). "Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise". Nature. 326 (6108): 35–41. Bibcode:1987Natur.326...35D. doi:10.1038/326035a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ^ Sparks, R. Stephen J.; Cashman, Katharine V. (2017). "Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic Activity". Elements. 13 (1): 35–40. doi:10.2113/gselements.13.1.35. ISSN 1811-5209.
- ^ MCBIRNEY, A. R.; NOYES, R. M. (1979-08-01). "Crystallization and Layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion". Journal of Petrology. 20 (3): 487–554. Bibcode:1979JPet...20..487M. doi:10.1093/petrology/20.3.487. ISSN 0022-3530.
- ^ Scientists' Drill Hits Magma: Only Third Time on Record, UC Davis News and Information, June 26, 2009.
- ^ Magma Discovered in Situ for First Time. Physorg (December 16, 2008)
- ^ Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 19–20. ISBN 9780521880060.
- ^ Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. hlm. 49–50. ISBN 9783540436508.