Pawatasan susial
Pawatasan susial (basa Inggris: social distancing), disambat jua pawatasan awak (physical distancing),[1][2][3], atawa sacara kada rasmi jaga jarak, adalah sarangkaian upaya lainparmasi nang dimaksutakan gasan mancagah panyabaran panyakit manjangkit lawan manjaga jarak awak antara saikung urang wan urang lain, wan jua mangurangi jumlah urang nang manggawi kuntak parak saikung sama lain.[1][4] Tindakan ngini rancaknya digawi lawan manjaga jarak tatantu matan urang lain (jarak nang ditantuakan mungkin lain matan waktu ka waktu wan matan sabuah nagara lawan nagara lain) wan mahindari bakumpul baimbai dalam garumbung ganal.[5][6]
Pawatasan susial pacangan mangurangi kamungkinan kuntak antara urang nang kada tajangkit lawan urang tajangkit, jadi kawa mangurangi pajangkitan panyakit, wan paling tatambaian, kamatian.[1] Tindakan ngini digabungakan lawan manarapakan pandirian kabarasihan pahinakan nang baik wan kabiasaan babasuh tangan dalam sabuah garumbung.[7][8] Salawas pandemi Covid-19, Pahimpunan Kawigasan Dunia (WHO) mamadahakan pamakaian istilah "pawatasan awak" lain "pawatasan susial", sasuai lawan pakta lamun jarak awaklah nang mancagah pajangkitan; pahadangan urang-urang kawa tatap tasambung sacara susial malalui tiknulugi.[1][2][9][10] Gasan malambati panyabaran panyakit manjangkit wan mancagah tampat layanan kawigasan tabaruncuti, hususnya salawas pandimi, sapalih tindakan pawatasan susial ditarapakan, tamasuk panutupan sakulah wan tampat bagawi, isulasi, karantina, pawatasan pakujukan urang, wan pamasahan padapatan urang banyak.[4][11]
Walau istilah ngini hanyar dipatuhakan wayah abat ka-21,[12] langkah-langkah pawatasan susial paling kada sudah ada matan abat kalima SM. Salah sabuting rujukan panambaian pasla pawatasan susial didapatakan dalam Kitab Imamat, 13:46: "Wan paharit kusta nang takana wabah ngitu … inya cagat tinggal saurangan; [di luar] tampat bagananya".[13] Salawas wabah Yustinianus matan tahun 541 sampai 542, kaisar Yustinianus I manarapakan karantina nang kada ampuh di Kakaisaran Romawi Timur, tamasuk mambuang mayat ka laut; inya manumpalak luasnya panyabaran tatambaian lawan "urang Yahudi, Samaria, pagan, Arianis, Montanis, wan homoseksual".[14] Wayah jaman mudirin, langkah-langkah pawatasan susial bakulih ditarapakan dalam sapalih ipidimi. Di Kuta St. Louis, Missouri, kada lawas imbah kajadian salismaan panambaian kali dicatat di kuta ngitu salawas pandimi bahingusan 1918, bubuhan bawinang langsung manutup sakulah, kada mambariakan padapatan urang banyak, wan tindakan pawatasan susial lainnya. Angka kamatian kajadian di St. Louis tadikit dibandingakan di Kuta Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, nang walau baisi kajadian salismaan, masih mambariakan aarakan urang banyak wan kada manggawi pawatasan susial sampai labih matan dua minggu imbah dapatan kajadian panambaian.[15] Bubuhan bawinang sudah manyuruh atawa mambari papadah gasan manggawi pawatasan susial salawas pandimi Covid-19.
Pawatasan susial taampuh digawi wayah jangkitan manjangkit malalui kuntak papaian pahinakan atawa droplet (kaya batuk atawa wahin); kuntak awak langsung, tamasuk hubungan siksual; kuntak kada langsung (misalnya lawan manjapai pamukaan nang tacamar kaya fomit); atawa pajangkitan malalui angin (lamun mikruurganisma kawa batahan hidup di angin gasan waktu nang lawas).[16] Pawatasan susial kada tapi ampuh wayah jangkitan dijangkitakan tatambaian malalui banyu atawa makanan nang tacamar atawa ulih vektor kaya rangit atawa karangga lain[17]
Karugian matan pawatasan susial kawa barupa kasunyian, bakurangnya kabakulihan (produktivitas), wan hilangnya manapaat lain nang bakaitan lawan hubungan manusia.[18]
Artian
babakPusat Pangandalian wan Pancagahan Panyakit Amirika Sarikat (CDC) manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai sapakakas "cara gasan mangurangi karancakan wan kaparakan kuntak di antara urang-urang gasan mangurangi rasiku pajangkitan panyakit".[11] Salawas pandemi salisma babi 2009, WHO manggambarakan pawatasan susial sawagai "manjaga jarak paling kada salangan matan urang lain, wan mangurangi padapatan".[7] Tindakan ngini digabung lawan kabarasihan kawigasan pahinakan nang baik wan babasuh tangan, wan dianggap jadi cara nang paling ampuh gasan mangurangi atawa manunda pandimi.[7][19]
Salawas pandimi Covid-19, CDC maasai artian pawatasan susial sawagai "tatap ada di luar kaadaan bagalumuk, mahindari padapatan urang banyak, wan manjaga jarak (kikira anam batis atawa dua mitir) matan urang lain lamun kawa".[5][6] Kada jalas kanapa anam batis nang ditatapakan dalam artian ngitu. Studi pahanyarnya manunjukakan lamun papaian matan wahin atawa pahinakan nang kuat salawas padapatan awak kawa sampai jarak anam mitir.[20][21][22] Sapalih urang manduga jarak nang ditatapakan ngitu didasarakan lawan paitihan matan tahun 1930-an wan 1940-an nang sudah dihual[23] atawa marga kabingungan dalam mamakai unit paukuran. Bubuhan paitih wan panulis sains manganjurakan pawatasan susial nang tajauh[21][24][25] wan/atawa mamakai maskar sakaligus mawatasi jarak susial.[21][26][27]
Tindakan
babakPamahaman lamun sabuting panyakit kawa maulah parubahan parangai urang-urang, nang mamilih gasan manjauh matan tampat-tampat awam wan urang lain. Wayah ditarapakan gasan mangandaliakan ipidimi, pawatasan susial kaini kawa mangulihakan manapaat, tagal manimbulakan karugian ikunumi jua. Paitihan manunjukakan lamun tindakan ngini musti ditarapakan lawan hancap wan sacara katat anggaran jadi ampuh.[28] Sapalih langkah pawatasan susial dipakai gasan mangandaliakan panyabaran panyakit manjangkit.[11][16][5][27]
Mahindari kuntak awak
babakManjaga jarak paling kada dua mitir (anam batis) (di Amirika Sarikat atawa Britania Raya) atawa 1,5 mitir (di Australia) atawa 1 mitir (di Parancis atawa Italia) saikung sama lain wan mahindari baragapan wan garak awak nang maumpatakan kuntak awak langsung, mangurangi rasiku tajangkit salawas pandemi salisma dan pandemi Covid-19).[5][29] Pahalatan jarak ngini, suwalih langkah-langkah kabarasihan kawigasan paribadi, dianjurakan jua di tampat bagawi.[30] Lamun kawa, dipadahakan gasan bagawi matan rumah.[8][27]
Bamamacam pilihan diusulakan gasan manggantiakan taradisi basalaman. Garakan namaste, manangkupakan kadua tabah, maampahakan jariji gasan manunjuk ka atas, wan manggambar bantuk jantung, adalah sapalih pilihan nang kawa digawi kadada bajapaian lawan urang lain. Salawas pandimi koronavirus di Britania Raya, garakan ngini dipakai ulih Pangeran Charles wayah manyambut tamu, wan sudah dianjurakan ulih Direktur Jenderal WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus wan Pardana Mantri Israil Benjamin Netanyahu.[31] Pilihan lain misalnya mangawaiakan tangan, maulah isarat shaka, wan maandak tabah di jantung, kaya nang digawi di sapalih wilayah Iran.[31]
-
Di laburaturium kumputar ngini, saban satasiun gawi sudah ditutup gasan maningkatakan jarak antarpagawi.
-
Panangaran di lantai kawa mambantu urang-urang gasan manjaga jarak di tampat-tampat awam.
Panutupan sakulah
babakPamudilan matamatika manunjukakan lamun panyabaran wabah kawa ditunda lawan manutup sakulah. Tagal, kaampuhannya tagantung lawan kuntak nang digawi kakanakan di luar sakulah. Rancak sasaikung kuitan musti maambil parai, wan panutupan nang bakapanjangan mungkin diparluakan. Panyabab-panyabab ngini kawa maulah gangguan susial wan ikunumi.[33][34]
Panutupan tampat bagawi
babakPaitihan ilmiah pamudilan wan pasiapan badasarakan data di AS manunjukakan lamun 10% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat pajangkitan sacara kasaluruhan, yaitu kikira 11,9% wan waktu puncak ipidimi sahikit tatunda. Sabaliknya, lamun 33% tampat bagawi nang taujak ditutup, tingkat sarangan bakurang jadi 4,9%, wan waktu puncak tatunda salawas saminggu.[35][36] Panutupan tampat bagawi tamasuk panutupan bisnis wan layanan susial "kada panting" (nonesensial) (artinya tampat ngitu kada manjaga guna tatambaian masarakat, sawagai musuh matan layanan panting).[37][27]
Pamasahan padapatan banyak urang
babakPamasahan padapatan atawa galumuk banyak urang misalnya acara malumbar urat, pilim, atawa panampaian musik.[38] Bukti manunjukakan lamun apakah padapatan banyak urang maningkatakan pajangkitan panyakit sakalinya kada kawa disimpulakan.[39] Bukti anekdotal manunjukakan lamun janis padapatan banyak urang tatantu kawa dikaitakan lawan paningkatan rasiku pajangkitan salisma, wan kawa jua "banih" galur hanyar ka sabuah dairah, nang maulah pajangkitan garumbung dalam kaadaan pandimi. Salawas pandimi salisma 1918, arakan militar di Philadelphia[40] dan Boston[41] mungkin batanggung jawap gasan manyabarakan panyakit ngini lawan mancampurakan palaut nang tajangkit lawan galumuk warga sipil. Mawatasi padapatan banyak urang, nang digabungakan lawan pawatasan susial lainnya, kawa mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan.[27][42]
Pawatasan pakujukan
babakPawatasan di paingkasan nagara atawa pawatasan pakujukan dalam wilayah kada mungkin manunda ipidimi labih matan dua sampai talung minggu kacawali lamun ditarapakan lawan cakupan labih matan 99%.[43] Pahalatan lapangan tarabang disarihakan kada ampuh gasan mancagah pajangkitan virus salawas wabah SARS 2003 di Kanada[44] dan AS.[45] Pangandalian paingkasan nang pisit antara Austria wan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah, nang dibalakuakan matan 1770 sampai 1871 gasan mancagah urang nang tajangkit wabah sampar mAmasuki Austria, dikaduakan ampuh, marga kadada wabah mayor di wilayah Austria imbah pawatasan ngitu ditarapakan, sadangakan Kasultanan Utsmaniyah maharit ipdimi wabah tarus sampai patangahan abat ka-19.[46][47]
Sabuting paitihan ilmiah Uniparsitas Northeastern nang dicungulakan wayah Marit 2020 mandapatakan lamun "pawatasan pakujukan ka wan matan Ripublik Rakyat Cina wastu kawa malambati panyabaran panyakit koronavirus 2019 sacara antarabangaa wayah digabungakan lawan upaya gasan mangurangi pajangkitan di tingkat masarakat wan paurangan (individu). Pawatasan pakujukan kada mayu kacawali kita manggabungakannya lawan pawatasan susial."[48] Paitihan ilmiah ngini mandapatakan lamun tangatan batulakan di Wuhan manunda panyabaran panyakit ka palihan lain daratan Tiongkok wastu dalam talung hingga lima hari, saupama hal ngitu mangurangi panyabaran kajadian antarabangsa saanyak 80 parsin.[49]
Palindungan awam
babakLangkah-langkah palindungan gasan paurangan tamasuk mawatasi kuntak awak, manggawi bisnis malalui talipun atawa dalam jaringan, mahindari tampat-tampat awam, wan mangurangi pakujukan nang kada parlu.[50][51][52]
Karantina
babakSalawas wabah SARS 2003 di Singapura, kikira 8.000 urang jadi sasahan karantina rumah wajip wan 4.300 lainnya diminta gasan manjanaki saurang gajalanya wan manalipun pagawi kawigasan saban hari jadi cara mangandaliakan ipidimi. Saupama wastu 58 matan urang-urang ngini nang warihnya disahakan lawan SARS, pajabat kawigasan awam puas lamun tindakan ngini mambantu dalam mancagah panyabaran jangkitan labih lanjut.[53] Isulasi diri sacara sakarila mungkin sudah mambantu mangurangi pajangkitan salisma di Texas wayah tahun 2009.[54] Ujak pasikulugis buruk jangka handap wan jangka panjang sudah dikaduakan.[18]
Jujuhutan
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