Suharto
Jenderal Besar TNI (Purn.) H. M. Suharto, (Hanacaraka: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ; IPA: /suːˈhɑːrtɔ/) (ER, Ejaan Lama: Soeharto; diranakakan 8 Juni 1921 – habis umur 27 Januari 2008 pas umur 86 tahun) tu presiden kadua Indunisia nang manjabat dari tahun 1967 sampai 1998, manggantikan Sukarno. Di dunia Intirnasional, tarutama di dunia Barat, Suharto rajin dirujuk awan sabutan pupuler "the smiling ganeral" (bahasa Banjar: 'sang Janderal nang takajihing') ulih raut mukanya nang rajin tasanyum awan maliatakan karamahan. Tapi, awan babagai kontroversi nang tajadi, inya saring jua disabut sajadi uturiter bagi nang basaberangan dangan inya. [1][2][3]
Sabalum manjadi presiden, Suharto tu pamimpin militer pada masa Hindia Walanda awan kakaisaran Japang, awan pangkat tarakhir mayor Janderal. Sataan pang Garakan 30 Siptimbir 1965, Suharto kamudian malakukan uperasi panartiban awan pangamanan atas parintah dari Sukarno, saan pang asa nang dilakukan nya tu awan manumpas Garakan 30 Siptimbir awan mangatakan bahawa Partai Kumunis Indunisia (PKI) sajadi urganisasi talarang. Babagai kuntruversi manyabut uperasi ini mambunuh sakitar 100.000 hingga 2 juta urang, namun juman pang ini patut dipartanyakan ulih korban dari Garakan 30 Siptimbir banyak jua.[4][5]
Sahabis karusuhan Mei 1998, Suharto maundurkan diri dari jabatannya salaku Prèsiden. Inya digantikan uleh wakilnya, B.J. Habibie.
Jajuhutan
babak- ^ Berger, Marilyn (28 Januari 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-14.
- ^ Gittings, John (27 Januari 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-14. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-14.
- ^ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 Mei 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-17. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-14.
- ^ Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550.
- ^ Friend (2003), pages 107–109; Citakan:Cite video; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290
Bibliografi
babak- Dwipayana, G.; Ramadhan, K.H. (1989). Soeharto: Pikiran, ucapan dan tindakan saya: otobiografi [Soeharto: My thoughts, words and deeds: an autobiography]. Jakarta: PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada. ISBN 979-8085-01-9.
- Elson, R.E. (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0 521 77326 1
- McGlynn, John H. et al. (2007). Indonesia in the Soeharto years. Issue, incidents and images, Jakarta, KITLV
- Abdulgani-Knapp, Retnowati (2007). Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President: An Authorised Biography. Marshall Cavendish Editions. hlm. 12. ISBN 978-981-261-340-0.
- Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana (2011). Pak Harto: The Untold Stories, Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
- "Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again". ANTARA. 22 February 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 March 2007. Diakses tanggal 22 February 2006.
- Aarons, Mark (2008). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide". Dalam David A. Blumenthal; Timothy L. H. McCormack. The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?. International Humanitarian Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9004156913.
- Anderson, Benedict R.; McVey, Ruth T. (2009). A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397520.
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- Aspinall, Ed; Klinken, Gerry van; Feith, Herb, ed. (1999). The Last Days of President Suharto. Clayton AU-VIC: Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 073261175X.
- Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541742406.
- "Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted". The Jakarta Post. 27 May 2005.
- Blum, William (1995). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press. ISBN 1-56751-052-3.
- Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions. Press Release. International Monetary Fund. (31 October 1997)
- "CIA Stalling State Department Histories". The National Security Archive. Diakses tanggal 23 May 2005.
- Colmey, John (24 May 1999). "The Family Firm". TIME Asia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 February 2001.
- Conboy, Kenneth J. (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789799589880.
- Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001.
- Elson, Robert E. (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- Dijk, Kees van (2001). A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 9789067181600.
- Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01834-6.
- "H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia". THOMAS (Library of Congress). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 4 February 2006.
- Hughes, John (2002) [1976]. The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild. Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-4068-65-9.
- "Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics". Amnesty International. 27 November 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 9 November 2005.
- "Indonesia Economic". Commanding Heights. Diakses tanggal 23 May 2005.
- "Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge". The New York Times. 16 December 1965.
- "Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief". New York Times. 15 October 1965.
- "Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge". The New York Times. 16 December 1965.
- Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (16 April 2000). "MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power". The Independent. UK.
- Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1999). Britain's Secret Propaganda War. Sutton Pub Ltd. ISBN 0-7509-1668-0.
- McDonald, H. (1980). Suharto's Indonesia. Blackburn AU: Fontana Books. ISBN 0-00-635721-0.
- Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
- "Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor". World Bank. 1993. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 March 2007.
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (edisi ke-2nd). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
- Rock, Michael T. (2003). The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform (PDF). William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632. The University of Michigan Business School.
- Purdey, Jemma (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824830571.
- Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400888863.
- John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1.
- Simpson, Brad (9 July 2004). "Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"". National Security Archive.
- Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813388816.
- Simpson, Bradley (2010). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804771825.
- "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Diakses tanggal 4 February 2006.
- "Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief". New York Times. 22 February 1966.
- "Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?". Inside Indonesia. April–June 1999. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 March 2012.
- Toer, Pramoedya Ananta (2000). The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028904-6.
- "United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor". United Nations. Diakses tanggal 4 February 2006.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521542623.
- Wanandi, Jusuf (2012). Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998. Singapore: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780924.
- Weiner, Tim (2007). "Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia". Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-3-596-17865-0.
- Wertheim, W.F. (1979). "Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 9 (2): 197–215. doi:10.1080/00472337985390191.
- Wiranto (2011). 7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 [7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997]. Jakarta: PT Citra Kharisma Bunda. ISBN 9786028112123.